The Genome Project Of Any Species - 901 Words

The genome sequencing project of any species would not be possible without modern sequencing technologies and the methods described in this thesis, transcriptome and genome resources for whitefly can be rapidly developed which enable exciting research. Methods and results described in this thesis are just examples for any genome project, and would suit best to any arthropod that contain bacterial endosymbiont. This concluding chapter summarizes the previous chapters and also outlines the possible future directions for improvements and describes the exciting research studies possible. 8.0.1 What can we do with the transcriptome Chapter 1 began by addressing the research problem and describing the whiteflies that have been studied so far and why the genome of this species is needed. Although, four transcriptomes of different whitefly species have already been published and the data are available to public. These four transcriptomes were compared in Chapter 2 to identify sequence and functional differences across them. The main aim of the Chapter 2 was to obtain a comprehensive transcriptome data set for Asia I species which could effectively used for further analysis in this thesis. In order to capture the complete transcriptome of Asia I species, two different libraries (Normalized and Unnormalized) were generated and sequenced. These combined data sets from two libraries not only led to complete transcriptome resource but also to identifying the abundance and leastShow MoreRelatedThe Controversy Of Eugenics And Genetic Engineering1632 Words   |  7 Pagesmankind has sought to understand itself. We question why we exist and what our role in the universe is, even though we may never receive an answer. One of these problems that humanity has yet to fully understand is evolution, which is the process of a species undergoing changes that suit their environment through multiple generations. However, in the last 150 years, humanity has made great strides in the science of genetics. In that time, there have been some subjects that have been highly controversial:Read MoreThe Origin Of Species Revolutionized The Way That Changed Through Time With Natural Selection And Divergence Of Geographical Isolation1624 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent socio economic environments we have created. For any scientist, previous theory’s and ideas from historians or other scholars are used in part to form the basis of understanding of new information (Klyve, D. k. 2014). The understanding of evolution as we see it today comes from many areas of the world amid varying time periods. The most famous and current understanding is that of Darwin, in 1859 his book On the Origin of Species revolutionized the way we see life and its continuity throughRead MoreGenetic Engineering Essay1556 Words   |  7 PagesDNA from one species, e.g. fish, and put them into another species, e.g. tomato. To do so, GE provides a set of techniques to cut DNA either randomly or at a number of specific sites. Once isolated one can study the different segments of DNA, multiply them up and splice them (stick them) next to any other DNA of another cell or organism. GE makes it possible to break through the species barrier and to shuffle information between completely unrelated species; for example,Read MoreThe Use Of Crispr / Cas9 Gene Editing1507 Words   |  7 Pagesable to reduce the suffering of animals while still protecting other cattle and their handlers. Traditional breeding methods have failed to produce a hornless cow while preserving the Holsteins large milk production (Staropoli, 2016). This project raises as many ethical issues as it solves. One obvious concern is that these animals are intended to produce milk which will inevitably be consumed by humans. Many consumers are likely to be suspicious of milk that comes from a genetically engineeredRead MoreThe Importance Of The Human Genome Project1332 Words   |  6 Pages Building off of the work conducted by the Human Genome Project to sequence the entire human genome, the ENCODE Project seeks to delineate the function of the elements identified within the project. Through the collaboration of many different institutions, scientists, and laboratories, the ENCODE Project has been able to identify and assign functions to numerous, including previously unstudied, elements within the genome and further genome-wide understanding beyond just that of protein-codingRead MoreA New Science Of Genetic Engineering Essay1130 Words   |  5 PagesAfter years of work, Dr. Smith, has successfully edited the human genome. Shortly after, he began to marvel at the possibilities he unlocked, but also begged the question of the possible consequences he created from this achievement which would affect the impending future. He worried as to how the public would react to his life work. The growing potential of gene editing is sweeping the US, filled with both overwhelming hope as well as fear. This is a bridge which must be crossed to achieve trustRead MoreThe Human Genome Project Research1422 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Genome Project Research Paper Research Leading Up to the Human Genome Project Many genetic studies leading up to the start of the human genome project include some of the first research done on the structure of human DNA: In 1952, Rosalind Franklin created Photograph 51 using X-ray crystallography: the first evidence of DNA’s helical structure. Using this evidence, in 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick were the first to model the true structure of DNA as a double helix with sugars and phosphatesRead MoreBigfoot : An Urban Myth Or The Missing Legend Of The Human Revolution?1317 Words   |  6 PagesBluff Creek, California which exhibits an unidentified ape-like species that is not just a man in an ape costume. Not convinced? Consider the conclusive modern day DNA evidence analyze by forensics scientist Dr. Melba Ketchum showing an unknown species wandering in the forest of North America. Lastly, a creature fitting the description of Sasquatch from eyewitness testimonies that has been reported over the years is indeed an actual species of an undiscover ed ape-like creature. The original Patterson-GrimlinRead MoreRace And The Human Genome Project788 Words   |  4 PagesSHORT HISTORY OF THE RACE CONCEPT Michael Yudell, PhD, MPH. Through observing the human genome project that explores human molecular selves, skin color variation, and lastly race/human variation as a whole, a clear picture of race can be scientifically explained. The human genome project is a way of inspecting our molecular selves. There are three billions of letters that make up the DNA in the human genome that scientists have to study in order to understand our molecular cells. Furthermore, thereRead MoreThe Clustered Regularly The Short Palindromic Repeats ( Pku ) And Crispr Associated System ( Cas )873 Words   |  4 PagesEffector (TALE) and zinc fingers. TALEs and zinc fingers are banded to DNA through a direct protein-DNA interaction. This was a long and tedious process that required proteins to be redesigned for each new target DNA site. CRISPR-Cas9 made the process of genome editing more efficient, effective, and precise by using RNA and proteins (â€Å"CRISPR†). CRISPR-Cas9 is a natural system that helps bacteria defend against attacking viruses known as bacteriophages. This process begins with the â€Å"CRISPR sequences [bookending]

Essay On New Zealand - 1151 Words

New Zealand is located 40.9006 South, 174.8860 East. It is close to Australia and a little ways away from the tropic of Capricorn. New Zealand has many similarities culturally and socially to Australia, though some of the differences include GDP and population, which is greater in Australia. Australia also has less debt than New Zealand, with 15% of GDP being debt with 20.7% of the GDP being debt in New Zealand. New Zealand’s GDP being 4.8% agriculture, 26% industry, and 69.3% services (as of 2007) and the GDP per capita is $26,400. New Zealand is also ranked â€Å"the 54th largest export economy in the world,† as well as the 57th largest import economy (OEC - New Zealand) and their export rates increase by 2.6% every year. New Zealand†¦show more content†¦Another study shows that the amount of miscarriages goes up in certain areas fracking is used. Fracking also uses an abundant use of mystery chemicals, which we don’t know because the big companies don’t have to tell anyone, but they don’t look too innocent when they refuse to tell anybody. We also don’t kno w the long term affects on our environment, for all we know this could be the root of climate change, or maybe it is damaging the land turning fertile greenland into a deathbed for all things living. Climate change is a real problem and New Zealand’s people are contributing more than just their part. The cars they drive burn greenhouse gases, and everyone drives them. It builds up and could be damaging the beautiful scenery of New Zealand. Since Climate change is happening some signs that New Zealand have shown are ocean levels rising as well as temperature, more extreme weather which has the potential to do a devestating amount to the people who live there, and changes in weather patterns such as rain. This all has an impact on the human part of New Zealand. Extreme weather can include droughts and floods which can ruin the infrastructure of New Zealand, houses and people are the price that you pay. The physical geography in New Zealand is very diverse, with beaches, mountain ranges, farmland, and glaciers. New Zealand really does have it all. One physical feature thatShow MoreRelatedEssay On New Zealand711 Words   |  3 Pages The OECD Economic Surveys: New Zealand (2017) indicated that New Zealanders enjoy comparatively high living standards, and economic growth remains strong even compared with the highest-performing OECD countries. However, there are long-term challenges from low growth in productivity, which is well below the leading OECD countries; living standards; and social well-being. According to OECD data on labour productivity and utilization (OECD, 2107a), GDP per capita can be broken down into growth inRead MoreNew Zealand Essay1355 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This report aims to analyse a current issue in New Zealand and discusses a proposed business idea to try and prevent the issue. The problem we have identified as a group relates to the lack of protection from sun exposure which have led to high rates of skin cancer in New Zealand. A description about the problem, the relation to capitalism, business concept on solving the problem and how the problem affects the business environment has been detailed in this report. Problem IdentifiedRead MoreNew Zealand Essay976 Words   |  4 Pagesimages that appear when New Zealand is entered in Google. This country is so beautiful and has such a rich past. It is interesting that even through Maori Tribes and European invasions, tsunamis, and the old traditions being replaced by new ones, New Zealand’s forests are still home to so many different, exotic creatures and plants. Even though it is beautiful mankind is known for his destruction of Mother Nature in his search for survival. The Maori Tribe, indigenous to New Zealand, believed very stronglyRead MoreEssay On Obesity In New Zealand1275 Words   |  6 PagesOne major occurrence in communities of New Zealand is the rise of obesity. This vast increase is evident in Ministry of Health Adult obesity statistics. For example, ten years ago in New Zealand one in three adults - thirty-two percent were obese; clearly displaying the rapid increase in the adult obesity rate from twenty-seven percent in 2 006/07 to thirty-two percent in 2015/16 (New Zealand Ministry of Health surveys, 2015/16). An interesting insight is why obesity has increased rapidly? A questionRead MoreEssay On New Zealand House888 Words   |  4 Pagesintended purpose of the social justice and human rights action: We spend 90% of our time in indoor environments and the effect on our health is more important than assumed. Not enough homes in New Zealand are insulated, 48% of New Zealanders live in homes colder than the recommended standards. Frequently New Zealand homes are cold, damp and mouldy, and a lot of kiwis sleep in unheated bedrooms putting their health at risk. The latest house condition survey said around half of houses fall short of havingRead MoreAir New Zealand essay3009 Words   |  13 Pagescompetencies and deficiencies and core competencies. •Key areas of competitive advantageThe VRIO analysis from the appendix suggests Air NZ (Air New Zealand) have only one resource that will provide them with sustainable competitive advantage and is a distinctive competency, this is the intangible resource of Air NZ being the national flag carrier of New Zealand along with their relationship with the government. Other resources which have been identified as having competitive parity include TechnologyRead MoreAir New Zealand essay3003 Words   |  13 Pagescompetencies and deficiencies and core competencies. •Key areas of competitive advantageThe VRIO analysis from the appendix suggests Air NZ (Air New Zealand) have only one resource that will provide them with sustainable competitive advantage and is a distinctive competency, this is the intangible resource of Air NZ being the national flag carrier of New Zealand along with their relationship with the government. Other resources which have been identified as having competitive parity include TechnologyRead MoreEssay On New Zealand Election838 Words   |  4 Pageswhich are votes that New Zealand citizens make when they are overseas during the election. Although the National party got the most seats, it still wasnt enough to completely be government because of New Zealands MMP system, therefore a coalition agreement had to be made. After taking offers from both the National Party and the Labour party, New Zealand decided who they wanted to create a coalition government with. On the 19th of September, Winston Peters announced that th e new government will beRead MoreManaging Diversity in New Zealand Essay2568 Words   |  11 Pagesadvantage over others is essential for success. This essay will address this issue by outlining the significance and implications of having a diverse workforce, whilst also focusing on the various perspectives. These include the associated benefits and challenges in managing an ethnically diverse workplace, as well as the various views relating to Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) and diversity management. It will come to show that the only way for New Zealand (NZ) to move forward in the changing corporateRead More new zealand politics 1984-1993 Essay2518 Words   |  11 Pagesbe regarded as a major turning point in New Zealand political history in the sense that significant political changes affected the whole of the New Zealand society, economy and political structure. New Zealand government’s experimented with radical Neoliberal policy programmes to achieve economic and so cial progress during this period. The essay shall discuss the central features of the process of policy change over the period of 1984 to 1993 in New Zealand. These reforms were among the most sweeping

Fahrenheit 451 Literary Analysis - 822 Words

â€Å"There must be something in books, something we can imagine, to make a woman stay in a burning house; there must be something there. You don’t stay for nothing.†(Pg. 51) Main character Guy Montag is a servant to a society that is controlled by censorship and the fear of knowledge; Montag has spent his life burning books, to prevent the spread knowledge. But a series of events cause Montags mind to change, and result in him breaking free from his society. The internal struggle of dynamic character Guy Montag, as to whether he should go on believing the lies his society has told him, or risk his life for something as simple as words on a page, brings readers into the corrupt society of Fahrenheit 451. In the novel Fahrenheit 451 author Ray†¦show more content†¦Montag begins to question every aspect of his life, â€Å"I don’t know. We have everything we need to be happy, but we aren’t happy. Something’s missing. I looked around. The onl y thing I knew was gone was the books I’d burned in 10 or 12 years. So I thought books might help.† (Pg.82) Censorship puts Montag in the dark; a place he no longer wants to be. Montag wants to be passionate about something worth fighting for. That passion leads him on a hunt for knowledge, guides him to books, and sets him free. Throughout the book, the reader is challenged to decide what happiness consists of: ignorance or knowledge. As Montag grows throughout the book, he finds that knowledge is the only thing that will set him free and grant him happiness. Montag has lived most of his life unhappy, and the only thing he knows is missing is the knowledge books contain, â€Å"Nobody listens to me anymore. I can’t talk to the walls because they’re yelling at me. I can’t talk to my wife; she listens to the walls. I just want someone to hear what I have to say. And maybe if I talk long enough it’ll make sense.† (Pg.82) Nobody listens to Montag because they recognize he wants to learn. Everyone in this society had been taught that knowing is bad. Montag frightens those around him into leaving him; this ultimately makes him realize that his quest for knowledge may feel lonely at times, but will end in him finding happiness. Once Montag meets the rebels he is taught about how the world used toShow MoreRelatedFahrenheit 451 Literary Analysis1106 Words   |  5 PagesInformation and knowledge, invaluable in society, are concealed and destroyed due to the government’s greed for power. The novel Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury follows the life of Guy Montag, a fireman, as he attempts to understand the dystopian society around him and his life. Montag rebels against the government and society itself in an attempt to understand his purpose. In the futuristic novel, books are illegal and burned in fires when found in homes. When Montag reveals his own collection ofRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Fahrenheit 451, By Ray Bradbury792 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis of Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury â€Å"We never burned right†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bradbury 113) stated Guy Montag, the main character of Fahrenheit 451. This book is about a society that is oppressive and dictatorial. They depend on firemen to burn books at an attempt at censorship and to block free thinking. They obstruct books and literature as a way to restrict knowledge and understanding. One of the major theme of Fahrenheit 451, written by Ray Bradbury, is as society gains more knowledge and wisdomRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 4511118 Words   |  5 PagesIn the book Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury explains how there is a war going on. That brings sadness because people are dying while they are doing nothing. There is also a sense of adventure, curiosity, and wonder going through the book. He explains that all of this story is taking place in a city in America. He also gives a hint that is placed in the year 2053. One of the characters that is in the book is Guy Montag. He is 30 year old fireman who burns books. Montag is a little laid back at the beginningRead MoreAnimal Farm And Fahrenheit 451 Literary Analysis811 Words   |  4 Pagesagainst. Again this theme of â€Å"the struggle for freedom† is shown in the book Animal Farm by George Orwell, and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury. In both of these novels the characters struggle to gain their freedom from the restrictions society placed on them. Freedom is only attained when it is fought for as shown in â€Å"I Have a Dream†, Fahrenheit 451, and Animal Farm. In the novel, Fahrenheit 451, Montag struggles for freedom despite societys restrictions. This is demonstrated when Montag is talking toRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 1396 Words   |  6 PagesAn Analysis of Freedom of Information in Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury This study examines the issue of freedom of information in the story of literary oppression found in Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury. Bradbury presents the oppression of an authoritarian state that does not allow its citizens to reads books. Guy Montag is initially a servant of the state that requires him to locate and persecute members of the community that still collect books. In various cases, Bradbury defines the rightsRead MoreDover Beach and Farenheit 4511461 Words   |  6 Pages English 2342 20 April 2011 Dover Beach and Fahrenheit 451 The classic poem, Dover Beach, written by Matthew Arnold, is a statement about losing faith as a result of enlightenment. In an emotionally charged scene in Ray Bradbury’s novel, Fahrenheit 451, fireman Guy Montag reads the poem aloud to his wife and her friends. Bradbury could have chosen any piece of literature for Montag to read as a means of unveiling his collection of hoarded books and his newfound interest in reading them. BradburyRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Comparison Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagesfighting for transgender rights as can be seen in the 21st century, or fighting to be considered a free man as can be seen in the 19th century. This fight can be seen throughout history books and literary classics such as Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury and Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe. In Fahrenheit 451, the main character, Guy Montag is fighting against the technological revolution taking place in the 23rd century. He battles with a society full of censorship, where ever yone is too caught upRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography : Ray Bradbury1077 Words   |  5 PagesFahrenheit 451: Ray Bradbury An Annotated Bibliography Johnston, Amy E. Boyle. â€Å"Ray Bradbury: Fahrenheit 451 Misinterpreted.† L.A. Weekly, 4 Apr. 2016, Http://Www.laweekly.com/News/Ray-Bradbury-Fahrenheit-451-Misinterpreted-2149125. This article is about the author having an interview with Ray Bradbury about how people are mistreated because they was been kept uninformed and ignorant about censorship when its really about technology destroying the use ofRead MoreEssay on Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury972 Words   |  4 PagesIn Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, irony is used to convey information and it contributes to the overall theme of the novel. Written during the era of McCarthyism, Fahrenheit 451 is about a society where books are illegal. This society believes that being intellectual is bad and that a lot of things that are easily accessible today should be censored. The overall message of the book is that censorship is not beneficial to society, and that it could cause great harm to one’s intelligence and socialRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Fahrenheit 4511266 Words   |  6 PagesTo begin, in Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury incorporated: a censorship aspect intended for the book, social commentary , and the social critical analysis which relates to conflicts in our world today. To continue, censorship can be considered a â€Å"threat† to society, for example, Bradbury uses the concept of the overuse of media and how it can affect the world and the people around you. Furthermore, Bradbury’s key focus was to satirize the excessive use of television and the media as a news and entertainment

Goals And Objectives Of Nursing - 788 Words

Goals and Objectives Theoretical Framework Nursing theories are used to guide nurses, Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRN), and doctors as they develop a perspective about the holistic view of the patient. Theories serve as a foundation in nursing because it improves the outcomes of patient care. Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring, places a big focus on gaining a trusting relationship with patients and their families while caring for them. Treating patients holistic being is a major focus that I have seen while treating patients. The transpersonal caring relationship is establishing a trusting relationship with the patient and their family. Caring for the person as a whole is the main goal of the transpersonal caring relationship. The APRN implements transpersonal caring relations when the focus is on caring, healing and the person as a whole instead of focusing on the disease or illness of the patient. The caring moment occurs when the APRN and the patient comes together to establish a caring relationship . The APRN and the patient becomes aware of the caring moment because it leads to appropriate decision making. The healthcare provider would then become a part of the patient’s life history. APRN includes the patient in their health decision making that promotes healing and understanding of their disease or illness. Caring for a patient doesn’t mean just focusing on the disease itself, but also focusing on the mind and spirit. As related to nursing, the APRNShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of A Nursing Internship Experience Based On An Educational Program For Wound Assessment And Documentation1451 Words   |  6 Pagesgraduate nursing practicum experience in developing an educational program for wound assessment and documentation. The nursing practicum is an opportunity for graduate nurse to apply theoretical knowledge and gain experience based on personal goals and learning objectives. It will also include practicum goals, objective, program effectiveness, and the practi cum contribution to the graduate nurse professional development. Achievement of Goals and Learning Objectives The goals and objectives of theRead MoreEvaluating The Learning Environment For Nursing Education Curriculum And Professional Development809 Words   |  4 PagesPracticum Experience The purpose of this practicum is to provide this nursing education student with the opportunity to participate in the teaching/evaluation of nurses at various educational levels in the hospital setting. This focused practicum involves course preparation, actual classroom teaching, evaluation methods (testing, conferencing), and participation in meetings. This practicum will provide this student with a variety of teaching strategies, knowledge, skills, and evaluative approachesRead MoreEvaluation Of A Bsn Program876 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive Domain. An assignment will be created assessing the nursing student’s ability to use critical thinking to meet the outcome expectation in both programs. Grantham’s University mission statement is â€Å"to expand a student’s skills in areas of leadership, community concepts, research and professional practice related to current trends and issues in today’s global society†. One program outcome identified in the BSN program is for nursing students to be able to utilize effective communicationRead MoreHealth Promotion And Disease Prevention1239 Words   |  5 Pageslist of multi sector priorities, and a program which affects nursing practice/patient care (Healthy People 2020, 2010). The US Department of Health and Human Services developed the â€Å"Healthy People† program over 30 years ago. Healthy People 2020, also known as HP2020, represents the nation’s fourth generation of new set objectives for health promotion and disease prevention. The previous Healthy People programs, 2000-2010, included objectives that addressed diseases, risk factors, and behaviors. HoweverRead MoreEffectiveness Of The Current Hourly Rounding Process846 Words   |  4 Pagesand call bell usage were impacted by the purposeful hourly rounding initiative. The evaluation may suggest a revision to the current hourly rounding tool that is being utilized on the medical unit. Program/Project Background Although nurses and nursing assistance are required to document hourly on activities of daily living (ADL), there has been inconsistency noted in the documentation, which makes one wonder if purposeful hourly rounding was being done accurately. Therefore, a project was implementedRead MoreReflection Paper In Nursing1033 Words   |  5 PagesPaper 2 Furthering nursing research is essential, as it forms the basis for evidence-based practice in healthcare today. With this in mind, developing the skills to critically appraise research articles is of the utmost importance in order to determine the relevance of research findings for clinical practice. As I pursue a doctorate degree in nursing practice, I am reminded of the necessity of these skills. Thus, in the following paragraphs, I will reflect on the research goals I developed at theRead MoreThe Future of Nursing Essay1053 Words   |  5 PagesThe Future of Nursing Being a registered nurse affords one the option of working in many diverse healthcare settings. In any practice setting the climate of health care change is evident. There are diverse entities involved in the implementation and recommendation of these practice changes. These are led by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF), the Institute of Medicine (IOM), nursing campaign for action initiatives, as well as individual state-based action coalitions. Nurses needRead MoreCurriculum Development for the Nursing Profession Essay1515 Words   |  7 PagesSome of the objectives to guide the learning process of the advancing R.Ns include the following (GU, n.d): i. Engage in collaboration and communication with other health care team members. ii. Demonstrate commitment to human service as part of professional practice in a society that is culturally diverse. iii. Evaluate, communicate, and apply research findings with an aim of improving professional practice. iv. Evaluate and analyze management and leadership theories within the nursing practice. Read MoreEvaluation Of The Nursing Process1417 Words   |  6 Pages The Nursing Process The nursing process is a scientific process made up of five steps to ensure that quality care is given by the nurse and received by the patient. It requires identifying the most efficient means to generate optimum results. The steps follow each other at the start of the process but may need to act in conjunction with one another in some situations. The steps however do not end with evaluation but begin again. It begins with assessment and including an evaluation of the perceptionsRead MoreSample Resume : Self Care1184 Words   |  5 PagesSelf-care in Nursing School Tris Bacani Denver School of Nursing Self-care in Nursing School Self-care is taking a strategic measure to ensure that one is safe and stays in focus. They are personal decisions that one takes for to improve their health. In this case, my self-care is to ensure that I remain in line with the nursing school and nursing career in general, and set strategies to implement the key options that I have chosen. These include time management, , focusing more in nursing school

Change Management in the Modern Organisation

Question: One of the more recent issues in management is role of change management in organisationaleffectiveness. You are to undertake a literature review discussing the impact of changemanagement on organisational effectiveness. Answer: Introduction Organizational culture is the determinant of the performance of an organization. Culture should be considered as "discriminating structure and methodology in the foundation of the authoritative establishments of elite". Numerous organizations have placed this into use with much success. A current decent culture should be underpinned and strengthened. Management is centre in the development of society which can direct an association into an abnormal state of execution. The top administration leaders are important to the usage of a decent culture in association. It is important to build a decent authoritative society calls for improvement. Since there are some disappointments with change management the organizations are reluctant to make the striking moves that will yield genuine innovations. The initial phase in the organizational change management ought to be the recognition of an association's subculture by the administration. Recent issues in change management Cisco Systems has easily distinguished the administration theory which interfaces the key issues of development, client administration and gainfulness with parts of society. The company emphasizes on the relationship between culture and strategy, as posting the accompanying as the real perspectives whereupon the gathering relies on upon with the end goal of overseeing occupation of workers with the end goal of era of thoughts and their snappy execution (Fu.uni 2013). Cisco Systems focuses on Managing Organization Culture by contending that association can be controlled at three levels: 1. Direct requests hierarchical control. 2. Backhanded authoritative control by means of projects and methodology. 3. Hierarchical control by the utilization of Ideological speculations. Cisco rundowns two wide systems utilized as a part of administration of corporate culture. The primary method includes the chiefs helping in the adjustment of recognizable culture, the imparted qualities and the normal suppositions made. The second system includes the application of hierarchical advancement procedures in the components of culture (Faos.ku 2010). Managers who utilize this method oversee hierarchical changes by changing the noticeable parts of authoritative culture in an association. These viewpoints will incorporate stories, dialect, ceremonies and adventure. Associations over the long term make their own culture which forceful be delineated by the aforementioned qualities. Chiefs can change stories to support authoritative execution. A case of this can be seen with the Disney new representatives (Faos.ku 2010). The senior supervisors are in charge of the making of new rituals and customs which will support the execution of an association. Alteration of old propensities to acquire new may take a considerable amount time yet is justified even despite in forming a hierarchical society into performing. The hierarchical operations ought to be ought to be correspondingly changed to bring out the vitality of representatives' commitments. Cisco Systems is an organization where chiefs admire the actuality keeping of an element change situated society requires a mix of choices about innovation, managerial activities and activities from representatives (Apubb 2011). Albeit social changes oblige boldness in their execution, there is requirement for chiefs to be touchy when executing social changes. The New York Times Company site records center estimations of the organization with second one being, "reasonable treatment of workers focused around admiration, responsibility and measures of perfection". At the point when rolling out alterations of hierarchical improvements it will be essential that the progressions don't show lack of respect to the representatives. It is of fundamental essentialness that all the representatives are accumulated ready for adjustment of association culture fundamentally to abstain from disaffirming values and portraying an impolite picture to the workers (Oeconomica 2009). Literature review What is change management? Change management is an orderly approach to managing change, both from viewpoint of an association and on individual level. A sort of uncertain term, change management has no less than three separate viewpoints, including: adjusting to effecting change, planning the change and controlling change. A proactive methodology to managing change is at centre of each of the three viewpoints. For an association, change management means characterizing and actualizing strategies and/or innovations to manage changes in business environment and also benefit from evolving open doors. Fruitful adjustment to change is critical inside an association and also in the regular world (Dbr.shtr 2008). Much the same as plants and creatures, associations and the people in them unavoidably experience changing conditions that they are feeble to control. What are some of the major challenges when trying to manage change in organisations? Change influences each business eventually. They may go from minor staff rebuilding to consolidating or procuring an alternate organization. While the progressions may be fundamental for the fate of the organization, you are liable to face certain boundaries and difficulties. Suspecting these barricades helps you stay away from them before they get to be significant issues in change usage. Planning Without orderly arranging, change in an association is prone to break apart or cause a greater number of issues than profits. You have to see precisely what changes will occur and how those progressions will happen. For instance, in case you're transitioning to another substance administration framework, you'll have to know whether the new framework is perfect with the old framework, how you will move the old data to the new framework and if there is restricted access amid the move. You additionally need to appoint parts to people who are in charge of the change so all obligations are secured. The timetable for change is additionally a key segment. You have to anticipate downtime or challenges in finishing customary work assignments while the change happens. Lack of Consensus In the event that you neglect to get everybody going to play a part with corporate changes, one is liable to face hindrances amid the procedure. The choice to execute changes ought to originate from top level of association. All administration level staff has to be ready to manage the progressions or you may confront discord inside the staff. You might not have everybody ready for from the earliest starting point. Indicating administrators how the progressions will influence the organization and steps for executing the progressions aides get them ready for they at first have reservations (Change-management 2007). Communication Neglecting to speak with all representatives welcomes gossipy titbits and dread into the work environment, especially in case you're confronting real changes, for example, cutting back or a merger. Representatives need to realize what's going on, whether it is sure or negative news. The inclination of vulnerability when administration doesn't impart upsets work and makes representatives feel as though they aren't a piece of the choice. Keep representatives overhauled frequently about the arrangements and advancement at the change usage. Include all workers however much as could be expected through gatherings or meetings to generate new ideas to help amid the arranging stage. Employee Resistance Sometimes, workers oppose change. They get to be agreeable with the ways business is conducted. They know the desires and their part inside the organization. At the point when a real change upsets their commonality, a few workers get to be disturbed. They would prefer not to relearn their occupations or change the way they conduct things. Supporting the representatives and giving preparing to any new obligations can help facilitate the move. What are some of the current theories on change management? The theories of change management characterize the building pieces needed to attain to long haul objectives. There are numerous speculations on the most proficient method to lead change. A hefty portion of these hypotheses begin from administration and change management: Kotter's 8-Step Change Model Kotter presented his eight-stage change prepare in his 1996 book, 'Driving Change'. He proposes that for change to be effective, 75 percent of an organization's administration needs to get tied up with the change, and he presents a noteworthy eight-stage process for actualizing fruitful changes. Kotter's steps are focused around a strong establishment of correspondence, strengthening, and centring. Taking after the change, it is vital to insert new methodologies so individuals don't return to old propensities. Checking, input, and mediation are important for a period after the progressions have happened. Lewin's 3-Stage Model of Change One of the foundation models for comprehension authoritative change was created in 1947 by Kurt Lewin, a physicist and social researcher. His model, which still holds genuine even today, is known as Unfreeze-change-refreeze and alludes to the three-stage procedure of progress. He portrayed authoritative change utilizing the similarity of the changing state of a square of Lewin's change model is a straightforward and effortlessly comprehended structure for overseeing change through three unique stages. It begins with making the inspiration to change (unfreeze) and travels through the change handle by advancing viable correspondence and engaging individuals to grasp better approaches for working (change). The methodology closes when the association comes back to a feeling of security (refreeze), which is essential for making the certainty to leave on the following, inexorable change. Each of the three stages additionally proposes particular exercises that address inspiration, execution, and adherence to authoritative changes. The Change Curve The Change Curve is focused around a model initially created in the 1960s by Elisabeth Kbler-Ross to clarify the lamenting methodology. It is an influential model to portray the phases of individual move included in most authoritative changes. It aides see how individuals will respond to change, give support for their own individual moves, and verify they have the help and help they require. Learning of the Change Curve can minimize the adverse effect of the change and help individuals adjust to it all the more rapidly. The accessibility of this data and giving the right route can help quicken change and improve the probability of achievement. As associations developed, numerous create negative examples, procedures, and propensities that have prompted the making of a whole industry around authoritative re-building and change administration. There are numerous hypotheses of authoritative change. The particular case that will work best for an association will rely on upon numerous things, including how safe the association is to change. Prosci's Change Management Methodology In 2002, after their third change administration benchmarking study, Prosci created a hierarchical change administration process. It was created focused around exploration with in excess of 1600 members in excess of ten years. It is the amalgamation of aggregate lessons adapted by those presenting change around the globe. It is inherent steps that a venture group can finish for a specific change or activity backed (Ryerson 2011). Prosci's technique incorporates individual change administration and authoritative change administration to guarantee the accomplishment of business results. This connection between individual change administration and hierarchical change administration is a key differentiator from most change administration systems. How can current change management theories be applied to support organisations? To viably lead change, perceive that the "change" itself does not require as much overseeing as the individuals included in it. To effectively oversee and lead individuals through any kind of progress, it serves to be mindful of the distinctive ways individuals want to manage change, and to understand that impression of the change styles of others are shaded by the pioneers' recognition (Himss `2010). Change Ownership At the point when characterizing change administration goals and exercises, it is imperative to arrange nearly with other people who are included by distinguishing managers in charge of progress. Holders may be extending directors, business administrators, and the HR division. For instance, who is in charge of recognizing change operators, who will characterize the re-preparing arrangement, and what will be the effect on changing sets of expectations and business contracts? Knowing who is mindful and how things are composed will help characterize the change administration scope (TCS 2013). Furthermore, it will distinguish the working association with other individuals needed to achieve the change. The change director's part is to facilitate the excursion towards better approaches for working. The way to achievement is to make a feeling of criticalness, enlist capable change pioneers, assemble a dream and successfully convey it, evacuate obstructions, make fast wins, and expand on energy. These will help roll out the improvement a piece of the authoritative society (CommGap 2011). Communicating Change Correspondence assumes a discriminating part in defeating the apprehensions and concerns invigorated by change. Individuals are regularly worried about the impact the change will have on them. Vulnerability in a work space decreases benefit, accordingly, it is imperative to convey what is changing and why. There are three key subjects of correspondence - present state, moderate state, and future state. The best system for correspondence is for chiefs to convey a decently arranged change message and going with help material to their direct reports. This methodology ought to begin at the highest point of the association and be emulated at each one level. Thus, the vast majority will first hear the change message from their manager and have the capacity to make inquiries, and after that need to comprehend the message fine to impart it to their colleagues and, thusly, answer their inquiries. This takes into consideration a solitary message and going hand in hand with help material to be imparted over the association. Correspondence can be completed in an assortment of ways. The vast majority in the association will have addresses about the change process which they may not ask specifically to their administrator or partners, so it is serves to incorporate some system in the correspondence transform by which individuals can make inquiries secretly or confidentially. Moreover, a criticism procedure is imperative to verify that the correspondence methodology is reaching its destinations. Conclusion The idea of progress administration is recognizable in many organizations today. Notwithstanding, the way organizations oversee change and how fruitful they are grinding away, differs incredibly relying upon the way of the business, the change, and the individuals included. Change administration is the application of an organized process and devices to empower people or gatherings to move from a current state to a future state with a specific end goal to accomplish a craved result. At the point when change administration is completed well, individuals feel occupied with the change process and work aggregately towards a typical destination. The results are change ventures that acknowledge profits and convey results. A change administration system is a key instrument for overseeing change. It is an organized situated of steps for arranging and executing hierarchical change. Like different approaches, (for instance, venture administration, business process re-building) change administration gives a steady structure to choice making and aides the exercises of the change pioneers. Overseeing change obliges an administration group with venture administration, correspondence, and scientific aptitudes with a high level of result introduction. A viable change director will set up the association for change in the early phases of task definition and stakeholder audit by reacting to their clear safety. At the point when individuals get to be more mindful they could call their own and other's inclination when managing change, understanding and tolerating the distinctions will increment over the association. This ensuing acknowledgement and esteeming of contrasts is the thing that differentiates dynamic associations that grasp change from associations that essentially respond to change to attempt and stay focused. Change is an on-going pattern that goes through all organizations paying little heed to size, industry, and age. The world is changing quickly and, accordingly, associations must change rapidly as well. Associations that handle change will flourish, while those that don't may battle to survive. References: Fu.uni 2013, MODERN THEORY OF ORGANIZATION, accessed on 27th January 2015. Faos.ku 2010, New principles of management in modern organizations, accessed on 27th January 2015. Apubb 2011, CHANGE MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION DEVELOPMENT, accessed on 27th January 2015. Oeconomica 2009, THE ROLE OF STRATEGIC PLANNING IN MODERN ORGANIZATIONS, accessed on 27th January 2015. Dbr.shtr 2008, CHALLENGES FACING CHANGE MANAGEMENT THEORIES AND RESEARCH, accessed on 27th January 2015. Change-management 2007, Defining change management, accessed on 27th January 2015. TCS 2013, Change Management Theories and Methodologies, accessed on 27th January 2015. CommGap 2011, Change Management, accessed on 27th January 2015. Ryerson 2011, CHANGE MANAGEMENT LEADERSHIP GUIDE, accessed on 27th January 2015. Himss `2010, Change Management Strategies for an Effective EMR Implementation, accessed on 27th January 2015.

Traditional Versus Activity Based Costing-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Compare Traditional Costing with Activity Based Costing (ABC). Do you feel ABC is an improvement over traditional costing? Answer: Introduction In business there is occurrence of multiple costs in manufacturing of goods or rendering of services. The manufacturing organizations have to distribute the cost occurred for raw material,, labour, and overhead to the goods produced in order to determine the overall cost of the manufactured goods. In costing there are various methods for allocating the all the costs to the goods and services. Some of important cost allocation methods are traditional costing method and activity based costing method. In this essay, there will discussion on both of these costing methods and difference between them will also be explained. The traditional costing method and activity based costing method both are used to allocate the indirect cost incurred during the manufacturing of goods or providing the services. The main role of both these costing methods is to calculate the overhead costs and allocate them to the products using the certain cost drivers. Comparison of Traditional costing method and activity based costing method The traditional costing method of cost allocation is most easy and frequently used method for allocating the factory overhead to the products. The main reason why the traditional costing method is frequently used is because of its simplicity and easy to apply characteristics. Under this costing method, all the overhead cost (factory overhead) are allocated to the different products using the single cost driver such as direct labour hour method or machine hour method or direct material used method (Cooper and Kaplan,1991). There are many potential problems associated under this method like use of single recovery cost driver to allocate all the overhead irrespective of overhead consumed under respective product or not. This problem give rise to critical cost issues that can harm the companys performance. Under traditional costing method, the cost allocation takes place in two stages. In first stage, all the overheads are calculated by reporting all the overhead cost to the cost centers . In second stage, all the overheads cost are distributed form the cost center to the different products in the proportion of cost driver used by each of the product in the respective period (Hayden, 2017). The traditional costing method of cost allocation does not help in effective operating management performance system that will help managers to obtain the relevant information about the products to help in improvement of business performance. The users of the traditional costing method make unrealistic assumption that volume metric is the most common underlying driver of the manufacturing overhead cost. Under the traditional costing assigns all types of overheads using the single recovery rate among the products manufactured by the company. The traditional costing method of cost allocation has failed after company has started using the machines and other different tools for manufacturing of products. The modern manufacturing process involves many activities to produce any product and it is completely wrong to allocate the overhead costs using the allocation base that has no relation with the activities used in the manufacturing of products. To solve all these problems, the new costin g method has been introduced known as activity based costing system (Bromwich and Bhimani, 2005). The activity based costing method is very unique and most accurate method of cost allocation as this method completely based on the actual consumption basis. As per this method the complete manufacturing process has been divided into many stages and each stage consumes some costs. The certain activities can differ depending upon the products manufactured by the company. Every activity used in the manufacturing process critically based on some cost driver such as if product is processed through certain machine than the cost driver will be machine hours. The activity based costing system identifies the activities that are performed to make the product fit for the consumption and then allocate overhead cost linked with particular activity to the products using the recovery rate that define cost driver in respective activity. For example, the overhead cost associated with the use of machines will be apportioned among the products using the machine hour rate recovery rate not by the labor hour recovery rate (Cooper and Kaplan, 1991). The major advantage of this method is that it recognizes the relationship between the costs, activities and products, and by using this relationship it allocate the all the overhead costs to the products using the most real allocation method which helps he manager in improving the business performance and eliminate any non-value added activities (Hayden, 2017). The below table clearly shows the difference between the traditional costing method and activity based costing method: Basis of Difference Traditional Costing Method Activity based costing method Cost Pool Traditional costing method used one cost driver or maximum two Activity based costing method used multiple cost driver that itself represents the activities undertaken in the production Rate applied This costing method uses volume based cost driver This costing method uses activity based costing driver which is non-financial in nature Benefits Simple, inexpensive and easy to apply Provide accurate product costing and help in performance evaluation It is important to understand the difference between the traditional costing method and activity based costing method using the numerical example. Example: Following the cost incurred of the manufacturing of the two products P and Q by ABC Company. Direct Material cost $ 15,000.00 Direct Labour cost $ 45,000.00 Overhead Costs Setup the machine $ 9,500.00 Material receiving cost $ 5,500.00 Other information Labour hours 450 Hours (P: 60hrs and Q: 40 hrs) Number of Setups 95 (P: 45 and Q: 50) Number of Requisite 55 (P: 35 and Q: 20) Material P: $ 10000 Q: $ 5000 Cost Allocation using the traditional costing method Traditional Costing Method Particulars P Q Direct Material cost $ 10,000.00 $ 5,000.00 Direct Labour cost $ 25,000.00 $ 20,000.00 Overhead cost $ 8,333.33 $ 6,666.67 Total Cost $ 43,333.33 $ 31,666.67 Cost Allocation under activity based costing Activity Based Costing Method Particulars P Q Direct Material cost $ 10,000.00 $ 5,000.00 Direct Labour cost $ 25,000.00 $ 20,000.00 Overhead Costs Setup the machine $ 4,500.00 $ 5,000.00 Material receiving cost $ 3,500.00 $ 2,000.00 Total Cost $ 43,000.00 $ 32,000.00 Conclusion It can be said that traditional cost method provides only the basis for cost allocation not the performance measuring method as per costing techniques. On the other hand activity based costing is useful method for cost allocation as it can also be used for performance measurement. References Bromwich, M. and Bhimani, A., 2005.Management accounting: Pathways to progress. Cima publishing. Cooper, R. and Kaplan, R.S. 1991. Profit Priorities from Activity-Based Costing. [Online]. Available from: https://hbr.org/1991/05/profit-priorities-from-activity-based-costing [Accessed on: 28 February, 2018]. Hayden, A. 2017. Activity-Based vs. Traditional Costing. [Online]. Available from: https://quickbooks.intuit.com/r/pricing-strategy/activity-based-vs-traditional-costing/ [Accessed on: 28 February, 2018]